
As a general thumb of rule, you need both line of sight and effect for spells with a "target: XXX" entry, like finger of death, and line of effect for spells with a "effect:XXX" or "area:XXX" entry, like flamestrike or summon monster.
For more information, see the section of 'aiming a spell' and 'line of effect' in the PHB.
So your wizard in the sphere would not be able to summon anything outside the globe.
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